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  5.     <title>UTas ePrints - Multiennial Reproduction in Females of a Viviparous, Temperate-zone Skink, Tiliqua nigrolutea</title>
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  31. <meta content="Reproductive frequency in captive and wild-caught female of Tiliqua nigrolutea was examined over five consecutive reproductive seasons. Reproductive frequency (0.38 +/- 0.035) was clearly different from an annual pattern of 1.0 (i.e. all females reproducing every year). Individual females did not reproduce every year, but &quot;skipped&quot; seasons were staggered such that a proportion of the population produced a clutch each season. Skipped reproductive opportunities are attributed to a combination of a long gestation, high relative clutch mass (0.43 +/- 0.034), parturition late in the active season, a cessation of feeding in the latter stages of gestation and low autumn temperatures limiting post-partum feeding opportunities." name="eprints.abstract" />
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  41. <meta content="ABTS, M. L. 1988. Reproduction in the saxicolous desert lizard, Sauromalus obesus: the female reproductive cycle. Copeia 1988:382-393.  
  42. ALDRIDGE, R. D. 1982. The ovarian cycle of the watersnake Nerodia sipedon, and effects of hypophesectomy and gonadotropin administration. Herpetologica 38:72-79. 
  43. ALDRIDGE, R. D. 1979. Female reproductive cycles of the snakes Arizona elegans and Crotalus viridis. Herpetologica 35:256-261. 
  44. BLACKBURN, D. G. 1998. Resorption of oviductal eggs and embryos in squamate reptiles. Herpetological Journal 8:65-71.  
  45. BONNET, X., AND G. NAULLEAU. 1994. A body condition index (BCI) in snakes to study reproduction. Comptes Rendus de l’ Academie des Sciences Serie III-Sciences de la Vie-Life Sciences. 317:34-41. 
  46. BROWN, G. P., AND P. J. WEATHERHEAD. 1997. Effects of reproduction on survival and growth of female northern water snakes, Nerodia sipedon. Canadian Journal of Zoology 75:424-432.
  47. BULL, J. J., AND R. SHINE. 1979. Iteroparous animals that skip opportunities for reproduction. American Naturalist 114:296-303.  
  48. CREE, A., AND L. J. GUILLETTE, Jr. 1995. Biennial reproduction with a fourteen-month pregnancy in the gecko Hoplodactylus maculatus from southern New Zealand. Journal of Herpetology 29:163-173.  
  49. CALLARD, I. P., C. G. BAYNE, AND W. F. MCCONNELL. 1972. Hormones and reproduction in the female lizard Sceloporus cyanogenys. General and Comparative Endocrinology 18:175-194.
  50. CASTANET, J., D. G. NEWMAN, AND H. SAINT GIRONS. 1988. Skeletochronological data on the growth, age, and population structure of the Tuatara, Sphenodon punctatus, on Stephens and Lady Alice islands, New Zealand. Herpetologica 44:25-37.
  51. CHINSAMY, A., S. A. HANRAHAN, R. M. NETO, AND M. SEELY. 1995. Skeletochronological assessment of age in Angolosaurus skoogi, a cordylid lizard living in an aseasonal environment. Journal of Herpetology 29:457-460.
  52. EDWARDS, A. 1999. Steroids and Reproduction in Tiliqua nigrolutea. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia.  
  53. EDWARDS, A., AND S. M. JONES. Changes in plasma testosterone, estrogen and progesterone concentrations throughout the annual reproductive cycle in Male viviparous blue-tongued skinks, Tiliqua nigrolutea, (Scincidae), in Tasmania. Journal of Herpetology (in press a).
  54. EDWARDS, A., AND S. M. JONES. Changes in plasma progesterone, estrogen and testosterone concentrations throughout the reproductive cycle in female viviparous blue-tongued skinks, Tiliqua nigrolutea, (Scincidae), in Tasmania. General and Comparative Endocrinology (in press b).
  55. FERGUSSON, B., AND D. ALGAR. 1986. Home range and activity patterns of pregnant female skinks, Tiliqua rugosa. Australian Wildlife Research 13:287-294.  
  56. FLEMMING, A. F. 1993. The female reproductive cycle of the lizard Pseudocordylus m. melanotus (Sauria: Cordylidae). Journal of Herpetology 27:103-107.
  57. GAVAUD, J. 1983. Obligatory hibernation for completion of vitellogenesis in the lizard Lacerta vivipara J. Journal of Experimental Zoology 225:397-405.  
  58. GOLDBERG, S. R. 1971. Reproductive cycles of the ovoviviparous iguanid lizard Sceloporus jarrovi Cope. Herpetologica 27:123-131.  
  59. GOLDBERG, S. R., AND R. L. BEZY. 1974. Reproduction in the island night lizard, Xantusia riversiana. Herpetologica 30:350-360.   
  60. GREGORY, P. T., L. H. CRAMPTON, AND K. M. SKEBO. 1999. Conflicts and interactions among reproduction, thermoregulation and feeding in viviparous reptiles: are gravid snakes anorexic? Journal of Zoology, London 248:231-241
  61. HASEGAWA, M. 1984. Biennial reproduction in the lizard Eumeces okadae on Miyake-jima, Japan. Herpetologica 40:194-199. 
  62. HEATWOLE, H., AND J. TAYLOR. 1987. Reproductive Ecology, p. 147-166. In Ecology of Reptiles. H. Heatwole (ed.). Surrey Beatty and Sons Pty Ltd, N.S.W., Australia.  
  63. HUTCHINSON, M. N., P. ROBERTSON, AND P. A. RAWLINSON. 1989. Redescription and ecology of the endemic Tasmanian scincid lizards Leiolopisma microlepidotum and L. pretiosum. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society, Tasmania 123:257-274.  
  64. IBARGÜENGOYTÍA, N. R., AND V. E. CUSSAC. 1996. Reproductive biology of the viviparous lizard, Liolaemus pictus (Tropiduridae) - biennial female reproductive cycle. Herpetological Journal 6:137-143.  
  65. JAMES, C., AND SHINE R. 1985. The seasonal timing of reproduction: a tropical - temperate comparison in Australian lizards. Oecologia 67:464-474.
  66. JONES, S. M., AND R. SWAIN. 1996. Annual reproductive cycle and annual cycles of reproductive hormones in plasma of female Niveoscincus metallicus (Scincidae) from Tasmania. Journal of Herpetology 30:140-146.  
  67. JONES, S. M., E. WAPSTRA, AND R. SWAIN. 1997. Asynchronous male and female gonadal cycles and plasma steroid concentrations in a viviparous lizard, Niveoscincus ocellatus (Scincidae) from Tasmania. General and Comparative Endocrinology 108:271-281.  
  68. KROHMER, R.W., AND R. D. ALDRIDGE. 1985. Male reproductive cycle of the lined snake (Tropidoclonion lineatum). Herpetologica 41:33-38.  
  69. LANCE ,V., AND B. LOFTS. 1978. Studies on the annual reproductive cycle of the female cobra, Naja naja. IV. Ovarian histology. Journal of Morphology 157:161-180. 
  70. LEBRETON, M. 1990. Reproductive notes on the eastern blue-tongue lizard Tiliqua scincoides (White 1790). Herpetofauna 20:30-32.  
  71. LUISELLI, L., M. CAPULA, AND R. SHINE. 1996. Reproductive output, costs of reproduction, and ecology of the smooth snake, Coronella austriaca, in the eastern Italian alps. Oecologica 106:100-110.
  72. MACARTNEY, J. M., AND P. T. GREGORY. 1988. Reproductive biology of female rattlesnakes (Crotalus viridis) in British Columbia. Copeia 1988:47-57.
  73. MADSEN, T., AND R. SHINE. 1996. Determinants of reproductive output in female water pythons (Liasis fuscus: pythonidae). Herpetologica 52:146-159.
  74. MONTORI, A. 1990. Skeletochronological results in the pyrenean newt Euproctus asper (Duges,1852) from one prepyrenean population. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Zoologie, Paris, Serie 13e, 11:209-211.
  75. NAULLEAU, G., AND F. FLEURY. 1990. Changes in plasma progesterone in female Vipera aspis L. (Reptilia, Viperidae) during the sexual cycle in pregnant and nonpregnant females. General and Comparative Endocrinology 78:433-443.  
  76. OLSSON, M., AND R. SHINE 1997. The seasonal timing of oviposition in sand lizards (Lacerta agilis) - why early clutches are better. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 10:369-381.  
  77. OLSSON, M., AND R. SHINE 1998. Timing of parturition as a maternal care tactic in an alpine lizard species. Evolution 52:1861-1864.
  78. OLSSON, M., AND R. SHINE 1999. Plasticity in frequency of reproduction in an alpine lizard, Niveoscincus microlepidotus. Copeia 1999:794-796.
  79. PATTERSON, J. W. 1983. Frequency of reproduction, clutch size and clutch energy in the lizard Anguis fragilis. Amphibia-Reptilia 4:195-203.  
  80. PRESTT, I. 1971. An ecological study of the viper Vipera berus in southern Britain. Journal of Zoology, London 164:373-418.  
  81. QUALLS, C. P., AND R. SHINE. 1995. Maternal body-volume as a constraint on reproductive output in lizards - evidence from the evolution of viviparity. Oecologica 103:73-78.  
  82. RAWLINSON, P. A. 1974. Biogeography and ecology of the reptiles of Tasmania and the Bass Strait area. Pp. 230-269. In W. D. Williams (Ed.), Biogeography and Ecology in Tasmania. W. Junk, The Hague, Netherlands.  
  83. ROHR, D. H. 1997. Demographic and life-history variation in two proximate populations of a viviparous skink separated by a steep altitudinal gradiant. Journal of Animal Ecology 66:567-578.
  84. SAINT GIRONS, H. 1985. Comparative data on lepidosaurian reproduction and some time tables, p. 35-58. In C. Gans and F. Billet (Eds.), Biology of the Reptilia, Development B, Vol 15. Wiley, New York.  
  85. SCHWARZKOPF, L. 1996. Decreased food intake in reproducing lizards: a fecundity- dependent cost of reproduction? Australian Journal of Ecology 21:355-362. 
  86. SCHWARZKOPF, L. 1993 Costs of reproduction in water skinks. Ecology 74:1970-1981.
  87. SHEA, G. M. 1992. The systematics and reproduction of blue-tongued lizards of the genus Tiliqua (Squamata: Scincidae). Ph.D. Thesis, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.  
  88. SHINE, R. 1985. The reproductive biology of Australian reptiles: a search for general patterns, p. 297-303. In G. Grigg, R. Shine and H. Ehmann (Eds.), Biology of Australasian Frogs and Reptiles. Surrey Beatty and Sons Pty, Ltd, Australia.  
  89. SHINE, R. 1980. &quot;Costs&quot; of reproduction in reptiles. Oecologica 46:92-100.   
  90. SHINE, R., G. V. HAAGNER, W. R. BRANCH, P. S. HARLOW, AND J. K. WEBB. 1996. Natural history of the African shieldnose snake Aspidelaps scutatus (Serpentes, Elapidae). Journal of Herpetology 30:361-366.  
  91. SWAIN, R., AND S. M. JONES. 1994. Annual cycle of plasma testosterone and other reproductive parameters in the Tasmanian skink, Niveoscincus metallicus. Herpetologica 54:502-509.  
  92. VAN WYK, J. H. 1991. Biennial reproduction in the female viviparous lizard Cordylus giganteus. Amphibia-Reptilia 12:329-342.   
  93. VAN WYK, J. H. 1994. Physiological changes during the female reproductive cycle of the viviparous lizard Cordylus giganteus (Sauria: Cordylidae). Herpetologica. 50:480-493.  
  94. VIAL, J. L., AND J. R. STEWART. 1985. The reproductive cycle of Barisia monticola: a unique variation among viviparous lizards. Herpetologica 41:51-57.   
  95. VITT, L. J., AND T. E. LACHER, Jr. 1981. Behavior, habitat, diet, and reproduction of the iguanid lizard Polychrus acutirostris in the Caatinga of northeastern Brazil. Herpetologica 37:53-63.  
  96. WAPSTRA, E., R. SWAIN, S. M. JONES, AND J. O'REILLY. 1999. Geographic and annual variation in reproductive cycles in the Tasmanian spotted snow skink, Niveoscincus ocellatus (Squamata: Scincidae). Australian Journal of Zoology 47:539-550.
  97. WAPSTRA, E., AND R. SWAIN. Geographic and annual variation in life history traits in a temperate zone Australian skink. Journal of Herpetology (in press).
  98. WHITTIER, J. M., AND D. CREWS. 1990. Body mass and reproduction in female red-sided garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis). Herpetologica 46:219-226.  
  99. WHITTIER, J. M., AND D. CREWS. 1987. Seasonal reproduction: patterns and control, p385-409. In Hormones and Reproduction in Fishes, Amphibians and Reptiles. D. O. Norris and R. E. Jones (eds.). Plenum Press, New York.
  100. WHITTIER, J. M., R. T. MASON, AND D. CREWS. 1987. Plasma steroid hormone levels of female red-sided garter snakes, Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis: relationship to mating and gestation. General and Comparative Endocrinology 67:33-43.  
  101. WILKINSON, L., H. A. HILL, S. MIALLA, AND E. VANG. 1998. SYSTAT for the Macintosh, Version 7.0, Evanston, Illinois.  
  102. YOKOYAMA, F., AND H. YOSHIDA. 1994. The reproductive cycle of the female habu, Trimeresurus flavoviridis. Journal of Herpetology 28:54-59.  
  103. ZUFFI, M. A. L., F. GIUDICI., AND P. IOALE. 1999. Frequency and effort of reproduction in female Vipera aspis from a sourthern population. ACTA Oecologia 20:633-638.
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  229.     <h1 class="ep_tm_pagetitle">Multiennial Reproduction in Females of a Viviparous, Temperate-zone Skink, Tiliqua nigrolutea</h1>
  230.     <p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"><span class="person_name">Edwards, Ashley</span> and <span class="person_name">Jones, Susan M.</span> and <span class="person_name">Wapstra, Erik</span> (2002) <xhtml:em>Multiennial Reproduction in Females of a Viviparous, Temperate-zone Skink, Tiliqua nigrolutea.</xhtml:em> Herpetologica, 58 (4). pp. 407-414. ISSN 0018-0831</p><p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"></p><table style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"><tr><td valign="top" style="text-align:center"><a onmouseover="EPJS_ShowPreview( event, 'doc_preview_635' );" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/624/1/multiennial_cycles_paper.pdf" onmouseout="EPJS_HidePreview( event, 'doc_preview_635' );"><img alt="[img]" src="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/style/images/fileicons/application_pdf.png" class="ep_doc_icon" border="0" /></a><div class="ep_preview" id="doc_preview_635"><table><tr><td><img alt="" src="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/624/thumbnails/1/preview.png" class="ep_preview_image" border="0" /><div class="ep_preview_title">Preview</div></td></tr></table></div></td><td valign="top"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/624/1/multiennial_cycles_paper.pdf"><span class="ep_document_citation">PDF (Author Version)</span></a> - Requires a PDF viewer<br />102Kb</td></tr></table><div class="not_ep_block"><h2>Abstract</h2><p style="padding-bottom: 16px; text-align: left; margin: 1em auto 0em auto">Reproductive frequency in captive and wild-caught female of Tiliqua nigrolutea was examined over five consecutive reproductive seasons. Reproductive frequency (0.38 +/- 0.035) was clearly different from an annual pattern of 1.0 (i.e. all females reproducing every year). Individual females did not reproduce every year, but "skipped" seasons were staggered such that a proportion of the population produced a clutch each season. Skipped reproductive opportunities are attributed to a combination of a long gestation, high relative clutch mass (0.43 +/- 0.034), parturition late in the active season, a cessation of feeding in the latter stages of gestation and low autumn temperatures limiting post-partum feeding opportunities.</p></div><table style="margin-bottom: 1em" cellpadding="3" class="not_ep_block" border="0"><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Item Type:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">Article</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Keywords:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">Lizard; Multiennial cycle; Relative clutch mass; Reproductive frequency; Skink; Temperate-zone; Tiliqua nigrolutea, Viviparous</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Subjects:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/view/subjects/270604.html">270000 Biological Sciences &gt; 270600 Physiology &gt; 270604 Comparative Physiology</a><br /><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/view/subjects/270603.html">270000 Biological Sciences &gt; 270600 Physiology &gt; 270603 Animal Physiology - Systems</a><br /><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/view/subjects/270706.html">270000 Biological Sciences &gt; 270700 Ecology and Evolution &gt; 270706 Life Histories (incl. Population Ecology)</a></td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">ID Code:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">624</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Deposited By:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><span class="ep_name_citation"><span class="person_name">Dr Ashley Edwards</span></span></td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Deposited On:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">18 Jan 2007</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Last Modified:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">09 Jan 2008 02:30</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">ePrint Statistics:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><a target="ePrintStats" href="/es/index.php?action=show_detail_eprint;id=624;">View statistics for this ePrint</a></td></tr></table><p align="right">Repository Staff Only: <a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/users/home?screen=EPrint::View&amp;eprintid=624">item control page</a></p>
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